倒装句的学习开始啦,做题时经常会用到,英语句子的基本语序为“主语+谓语+其他”,也就是陈述语序,但有时,句子的语序可能会变化,这就是我们要讲的倒装语序。
1.完全倒装和部分倒装
若语序变为“谓语或谓语的一部分+主语”,即为倒装语序。倒装的原因,一是语法结构的需要;一是为了强调。倒装按其形式分,可分为完全倒装和部分倒装。若:整个谓语+主语,即为全部倒装,也叫完全倒装。如:
Here comes the bus!车来啦!
Out rushed the dog.狗冲了出去
若谓语的一部分(即谓语中的助动词/情态动词/系动词/表语)+主语,此为部分倒装。如:
Are you listening to me ?你是在听我说吗?
Is it nice?它好吗?
2.倒装用法!
a.用在疑问句中,构成完全或部分倒装句。如:
Are you hungry?
Is he dead?
但是,若疑问句或含有疑问词的部分做疑问句的主语时,则不倒装。如:
What's wrong with the machine?这机器出毛病了吗?
Who is your English teacher now?谁是你们的英语教师?
b.直接引语的全部或部分放在句首时,主句的谓语动词和它的主语要倒装。[当主句的主语为代词或谓语带有间接宾语时,则通常不用倒装语序]如:
"Mr Crossett,"said my father,"Will you permit an pupil to shake hands with you?"“克罗赛特先生”,我父亲说,“请允许您从前的一个学生跟您握握手好吗?”
"What are you doing?"Xiao Ming asked his father.小明问他的父亲,“您做啥子呢?”
c.用在there be 的结构中。如:
There were a lot of people at the meeting.会场上有许多人。
There flows a stream in front of the tower.塔前流淌着一条小溪。
d.用在副词开头的句子里
[1]以副词there/here/then/now开头时,时态上除then开头的句子用过去时以外,其余均用一般现在时,如:
Here is a letter for you.这有你一封信。
Now comes your turn to be on duty.现在轮到你值日了。
[注]如果主语时人称代词,就不倒装。如:
Here it is.给你
Here you are.给你
[2]以in/out/down/up/back/over/away/off等副词位于句首,句中谓语动词为不及物动词时,也要用倒装语序。如:
Down came the long brown hair.那长长的褐色头发倾泻下来啦
Away flew my hat我的帽子飞了
[注]当主语为人称代词时,如果将副词放在句首,主语中谓语不倒装。如:
Back I came.我回来啦
In he fell.他掉进去啦
e.用在以never,hardly,scarcely,seldom,not only……but also,little,rarely,nowhere,not until,in no time, hardly……when……,scarcely……when……,no sooner……than……的句子中倒装。如:
Never have I heard of such a man.我从没听说过这样一个人儿。
Seldom do I go to school by bus.我几乎不坐车去学校。
Not only does the English man write the words to the songs,but he also composes the music.这个英国人不但写歌词,而且还作曲。
f.用在以so开头,表示前面所述的情况也适用于另一人或物的肯定句中,句型为:so+be/have/助动词/情态动词+主语,如:
He saw it ,and so did I.他看见啦,我也看见啦
We can swim,so can they.俺们会游泳,他们也会
It is cold today.So was it yesterday.今天冷,昨儿个也冷
[注]如果后面的句子只是对前述内容的进一步肯定,则不用倒装语序。如:
It was hot yesterday.so it was.昨天很热,确实如此
g.用在以neither/nor开头的句子里表“……也不这样”,句型为:neither/nor+be/have/助动词/情态动词+主语,如:
Your can not do it,nor can I.你做不来,俺也一样。
She will not come,nor will her brother.她不来,她哥哥也不来。
h.从属连词as引导的让步状语从句,常把句中表语、状语、动词原形提到首句,引起倒装,但仍为主谓顺序。表语一般是由形容词或名词充当。当名词提到首句时不用冠词。状语通常是由副词充当。如:
Young as he is ,he knows a lot.他虽然年轻,却懂得很多。
Tired as Tom was, he went on working.尽管Tom很累了,但他仍然工作着。
[注]although 引导的让步状语从句不用倒装,though大多数也一样。如:
Although Princeton,Newjersey,has a world-famous university,it is still a small quiet town.新泽西州普林斯顿虽然有一所世界闻名的大学,但却仍然是一个安静的小城镇。
i.用在省略了if的虚拟条件句中,常把were/had/should提到主语之前,引起倒装。如:
Were I you,I would buy it.如果我是你,我会买。
Had I received her letter,I would have met her.若是我收到了她的来信,我就会见到她了。
j.副词only和它所修饰的副词/介词短语/状语从句一起置于句首,需要倒装。如:
Only in this way ,can we learn English well.只有通过这种方式,我们才能学好英语。
Only by working hard,can we pass the exam.只有努力地学习我们才能通过考试。
[注]only若修饰的状语不在句首,则不用倒装。如:
We learn English well only in this way.我们只有用这种方法才能学好英语
only位于句首,但修饰的是主语成分,也不倒装。如:
Only the teachers are allowed to enter the room.只有老师才能进入这个房间。
k. So+adj/adv位于句首时,引起倒装,如:
So hard did he work that he could pass the exam.他是那么地刻苦,结果他通过了考试
So loudly did he speak that everyone of the class could hear him.他讲话的声音大得教室内所有人都能听到。
l.介词短语位于句首时,引起倒装。如:
Under the tree lay a dog.树下有一条狗。
In each room are ten students.每个房间都有十个学生。
m.用在such为代词,位于句首的句子里。如:
Such was Albert Einstein,a ** man of great a chievements.阿尔伯泰因斯坦就是这样一个人,一个纯朴而又取得巨大成就的人。
Such were his words.这就是他的话。